Symptoms

What causes tooth sensitivity?

Reviewed by Dr. Samuel Bacon, DDS (dentist). Last reviewed November 3, 2026.

Status: Approved

Short answer: Sensitivity usually happens when the layer under your enamel, called dentin, is exposed. Hot, cold, sweet or acidic things can then reach the nerve. The ADA lists causes including cavities, cracked teeth, worn fillings, gum disease, worn enamel and exposed roots. Because the cause varies, a dentist should check sensitivity that doesn't go away.

How sensitivity happens

The ADA explains that enamel protects the part of the tooth above the gums, and a layer called cementum protects the root. Under both is dentin, which has tiny tubes leading toward the nerve. When dentin loses its covering, heat, cold, and acidic or sticky foods can reach the nerve and cause a sharp twinge.

Common causes

According to the ADA, possible causes include:

  • tooth decay (cavities)
  • fractured teeth
  • worn fillings
  • gum disease
  • worn tooth enamel
  • exposed tooth roots

Receding gums

When gums pull back, the root surface is exposed. JADA's patient page notes that recession can make teeth sensitive. Brushing too hard and gum disease are among the causes. See Why do gums recede?

When it's more than sensitivity

A brief twinge with cold is different from pain that lingers, throbs or wakes you up. Lingering pain can be a sign of a deeper problem, such as decay or an infected nerve.

At Indy Smile Group

We look for the cause of sensitivity at your exam before suggesting a fix. See our teeth cleaning pages for Fishers, Carmel and North Indy.

Next step

Ready to talk it through with a dentist? Book online or call the office closest to you.

Frequently asked questions

Can whitening cause sensitivity?
The ADA notes sensitivity is a common side effect of whitening and is typically temporary. Talk with your dentist before whitening if your teeth are already sensitive.

Is sensitivity a sign of a cavity?
It can be, but there are other causes too. A dentist can tell the difference.

What helps sensitive teeth?
See How to treat sensitive teeth.

Sources

  1. ADA MouthHealthy – Sensitive Teeth
  2. JADA (ADA) For the Dental Patient – Gingival recession
  3. ADA MouthHealthy – Toothpaste
  4. ADA – Oral Health Topics: Tooth Whitening

Last reviewed: November 3, 2026
Reviewed by: Dr. Samuel Bacon, DDS (dentist)

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